In 2025, the Human and Organisational Factors Working Group (HOFWG) designed a new leaflet to raise awareness on the risks to use mobile device in rail operations. This leaflet is available in several languages:...
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ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#1: Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness.
Abstract: This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees’ situational awareness…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#3: Automation and mental workload
Abstract: It is easy to assume that introducing automation into a task would decrease the mental workload on the operator – after all, if they are doing less, then the task must be easier. It also makes intuitive sense that…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#4: New form of teamwork: Teaming between humans and automation
Abstract: Due to technological advances, automation is nowadays no longer regarded only as a tool for humans but, due to the execution of complex tasks, is increasingly discussed in terms of a team member. This article describes how successful teaming…
Mühl, K. (2021). Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness. Automation myth busting series
Abstract This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees' situational...
Bainbridge, L. (1983), “Ironies of automation. Automatica”, (19(6), 775-779)
Abstract This paper discusses the ways in which automation of industrial processes may expand rather than eliminate problems with the human operator. Some comments will... https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
Flemisch, F. et al, (2012), “Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations”, (Cogn Tech Work 14:3–18)
Abstract: Progress enables the creation of more automated and intelligent machines with increasing abilities that open up new roles between humans and machines. Only with a proper design for the resulting cooperative...
Read, G. et al. (2021), “State of science: evolving perspectives on ‘human error’”, (Ergonomics 64, 9, 1091-1114).
Abstract: This paper reviews the key perspectives on human error and analyses the core theories and methods developed and applied over the last 60 years. These theories and methods have sought to improve our...
Reason, J. (1997), “Managing the risk of organisational accidents”, (Ashgate: Farnham).
Abstract: Major accidents are rare events due to the many barriers, safeguards and defences developed by modern technologies. But they continue to happen with saddening regularity and their human and financial...
Karasek, R. et al. (1998), “ The job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationnally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics”.
Abstract: Part I discusses the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), designed to measure scales assessing psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, physical demands, and job insecurity. Part II describes the...
Bowler, N. & Gibson, H. (2015) “Fatigue and Its Contributions to Railway Incidents”
Abstract: This report analyzes a sample of 246 British railroad incidents using data from the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) Safety Management Information System (SMIS) and Incident Factor Classification System...
Pheasant, S. & Haslegrave, C. (2018), “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work”, (CRC Press)
Abstract: In the 20 years since the publication of the first edition of Bodyspace the knowledge base upon which ergonomics rests has increased significantly. The need for an authoritative, contemporary and, above all,...
Reason, J. (2000), “Human error: models and management”, (British Medical Journal, 320, 768-770)
Abstract: The human error problem can be viewed in two ways: the person approach and the system approach. Each has its model of error causation and each model gives rise to quite different philosophies of error...
Branford, K. et al. (2011), “Guidelines for AcciMap analysis”. In A. Hopkins (Ed.) Learning from High Reliability Organisations” (193–212)
Abstract: This chapter focuses on a systems-based technique for accident analysis, referred to as the AcciMap approach." The technique involves the construction ofa multilayered diagram in which the various causes of...
Altabbakh, H. et al. (2014), “STAMP – Holistic system safety approach or just another risk model?”, (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 32: 109–119)
Abstract: Risk management has a number of accident causation models that have been used for a number of years. Dr. Nancy Leveson (2002) has developed a new model of accidents using a systems approach. The new model is...
Accou, B. & Carpinelli, F. (2022), “Systematically investigating human and organisational factors in complex socio-technical systems by using the “SAfety FRactal ANalysis” method”, (Applied Ergonomics Volume 100)
Abstract: In order to manage the performance of socio-technical systems in a safe and sustainable way, the importance of looking at human and organisational factors (HOF) and their contribution to adverse events is...
Crescencio. A, et al. (2022), “Human error analysis at Valencia railway operation control. Training proposal aimed at reducing human error”
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present the human factors training methodology in Adif and its theoretical bases. This methodology represents a different way of understanding safety, more focused on what to...
Hopkins, A. (2006), “Studying organisational cultures and their effects on safety”, (Safety Science 44: 875–889)
Abstract: How do organisational cultures influence safety? Answering this question requires a strategy for investigating organisational culture. By far the most widely used research strategy is the perception survey....
Swuste, P. et al. (2020) “From Clapham junction to Macondo, deepwater horizon: Risk and safety management in high-tech-high-hazard sectors. A review of English and Dutch literature”, (Safety Science vol. 121, 249-282).
Abstract: Objective: What is the influence of general management trends and safety research on managing safety? Method: A literature study which is limited to original English and Dutch books, documents, and articles...
Rolina, G. & Accou, B. (2019), “Towards the European Railway Safety Culture Model”, (WCRR 2019, Tokyo)
Abstract In 2017, the European Union Agency for Railways launched an ambitious programme to foster the development of a positive safety culture across European railways. The programme includes the design of methods and...
UIC: Mobile device risk in rail operations
In 2025, the Human and Organisational Factors Working Group (HOFWG) designed a new leaflet to raise awareness on the risks to use mobile device in rail operations. This leaflet is available in several languages: German, Spanish, French, Italian,...
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#1: Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness.
Abstract: This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees’ situational awareness…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#3: Automation and mental workload
Abstract: It is easy to assume that introducing automation into a task would decrease the mental workload on the operator – after all, if they are doing less, then the task must be easier. It also makes intuitive sense that…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#4: New form of teamwork: Teaming between humans and automation
Abstract: Due to technological advances, automation is nowadays no longer regarded only as a tool for humans but, due to the execution of complex tasks, is increasingly discussed in terms of a team member. This article describes how successful teaming…
Mühl, K. (2021). Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness. Automation myth busting series
Abstract This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees' situational awareness (perception, understanding...
Bainbridge, L. (1983), “Ironies of automation. Automatica”, (19(6), 775-779)
Abstract This paper discusses the ways in which automation of industrial processes may expand rather than eliminate problems with the human operator. Some comments will... https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
Flemisch, F. et al, (2012), “Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations”, (Cogn Tech Work 14:3–18)
Abstract: Progress enables the creation of more automated and intelligent machines with increasing abilities that open up new roles between humans and machines. Only with a proper design for the resulting cooperative human–machine systems, these...
Read, G. et al. (2021), “State of science: evolving perspectives on ‘human error’”, (Ergonomics 64, 9, 1091-1114).
Abstract: This paper reviews the key perspectives on human error and analyses the core theories and methods developed and applied over the last 60 years. These theories and methods have sought to improve our understanding of what human error is, and how...
Reason, J. (1997), “Managing the risk of organisational accidents”, (Ashgate: Farnham).
Abstract: Major accidents are rare events due to the many barriers, safeguards and defences developed by modern technologies. But they continue to happen with saddening regularity and their human and financial consequences are all too often unacceptably...
Karasek, R. et al. (1998), “ The job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationnally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics”.
Abstract: Part I discusses the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), designed to measure scales assessing psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, physical demands, and job insecurity. Part II describes the reliability of the JCQ scales in a...
Bowler, N. & Gibson, H. (2015) “Fatigue and Its Contributions to Railway Incidents”
Abstract: This report analyzes a sample of 246 British railroad incidents using data from the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) Safety Management Information System (SMIS) and Incident Factor Classification System (IFCS). Trends in fatigue-related...
Pheasant, S. & Haslegrave, C. (2018), “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work”, (CRC Press)
Abstract: In the 20 years since the publication of the first edition of Bodyspace the knowledge base upon which ergonomics rests has increased significantly. The need for an authoritative, contemporary and, above all, usable reference is therefore…...
Reason, J. (2000), “Human error: models and management”, (British Medical Journal, 320, 768-770)
Abstract: The human error problem can be viewed in two ways: the person approach and the system approach. Each has its model of error causation and each model gives rise to quite different philosophies of error management. Understanding these...
Branford, K. et al. (2011), “Guidelines for AcciMap analysis”. In A. Hopkins (Ed.) Learning from High Reliability Organisations” (193–212)
Abstract: This chapter focuses on a systems-based technique for accident analysis, referred to as the AcciMap approach." The technique involves the construction ofa multilayered diagram in which the various causes of an accident are arranged according...
Altabbakh, H. et al. (2014), “STAMP – Holistic system safety approach or just another risk model?”, (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 32: 109–119)
Abstract: Risk management has a number of accident causation models that have been used for a number of years. Dr. Nancy Leveson (2002) has developed a new model of accidents using a systems approach. The new model is called Systems Theoretic Accident...
Accou, B. & Carpinelli, F. (2022), “Systematically investigating human and organisational factors in complex socio-technical systems by using the “SAfety FRactal ANalysis” method”, (Applied Ergonomics Volume 100)
Abstract: In order to manage the performance of socio-technical systems in a safe and sustainable way, the importance of looking at human and organisational factors (HOF) and their contribution to adverse events is widely recognised. In reality,...
Crescencio. A, et al. (2022), “Human error analysis at Valencia railway operation control. Training proposal aimed at reducing human error”
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present the human factors training methodology in Adif and its theoretical bases. This methodology represents a different way of understanding safety, more focused on what to do and what to know than how to do...
Hopkins, A. (2006), “Studying organisational cultures and their effects on safety”, (Safety Science 44: 875–889)
Abstract: How do organisational cultures influence safety? Answering this question requires a strategy for investigating organisational culture. By far the most widely used research strategy is the perception survey. An alternative is for researchers is...
Swuste, P. et al. (2020) “From Clapham junction to Macondo, deepwater horizon: Risk and safety management in high-tech-high-hazard sectors. A review of English and Dutch literature”, (Safety Science vol. 121, 249-282).
Abstract: Objective: What is the influence of general management trends and safety research on managing safety? Method: A literature study which is limited to original English and Dutch books, documents, and articles in relevant scientific journals, for...
Rolina, G. & Accou, B. (2019), “Towards the European Railway Safety Culture Model”, (WCRR 2019, Tokyo)
Abstract In 2017, the European Union Agency for Railways launched an ambitious programme to foster the development of a positive safety culture across European railways. The programme includes the design of methods and tools to evaluate the safety...
UIC: Mobile device risk in rail operations
In 2025, the Human and Organisational Factors Working Group (HOFWG) designed a new leaflet to raise awareness on the risks to use mobile device in rail operations. This leaflet is available in several languages: German, Spanish, French, Italian,...
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#1: Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness.
Abstract: This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees’ situational awareness…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#3: Automation and mental workload
Abstract: It is easy to assume that introducing automation into a task would decrease the mental workload on the operator – after all, if they are doing less, then the task must be easier. It also makes intuitive sense that…
ERA Automation Myth Busting Paper#4: New form of teamwork: Teaming between humans and automation
Abstract: Due to technological advances, automation is nowadays no longer regarded only as a tool for humans but, due to the execution of complex tasks, is increasingly discussed in terms of a team member. This article describes how successful teaming…
Mühl, K. (2021). Automated Railway – Operation as Usual: Best Practice to Achieve Situational Awareness. Automation myth busting series
Abstract This article aims to provide insights into achieving situational awareness as a basis for safe automated railway operations. Automation in rail transport has a significant influence on employees' situational awareness (perception, understanding...
Bainbridge, L. (1983), “Ironies of automation. Automatica”, (19(6), 775-779)
Abstract This paper discusses the ways in which automation of industrial processes may expand rather than eliminate problems with the human operator. Some comments will... https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
Flemisch, F. et al, (2012), “Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations”, (Cogn Tech Work 14:3–18)
Abstract: Progress enables the creation of more automated and intelligent machines with increasing abilities that open up new roles between humans and machines. Only with a proper design for the resulting cooperative human–machine systems, these...
Read, G. et al. (2021), “State of science: evolving perspectives on ‘human error’”, (Ergonomics 64, 9, 1091-1114).
Abstract: This paper reviews the key perspectives on human error and analyses the core theories and methods developed and applied over the last 60 years. These theories and methods have sought to improve our understanding of what human error is, and how...
Reason, J. (1997), “Managing the risk of organisational accidents”, (Ashgate: Farnham).
Abstract: Major accidents are rare events due to the many barriers, safeguards and defences developed by modern technologies. But they continue to happen with saddening regularity and their human and financial consequences are all too often unacceptably...
Karasek, R. et al. (1998), “ The job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationnally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics”.
Abstract: Part I discusses the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), designed to measure scales assessing psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, physical demands, and job insecurity. Part II describes the reliability of the JCQ scales in a...
Bowler, N. & Gibson, H. (2015) “Fatigue and Its Contributions to Railway Incidents”
Abstract: This report analyzes a sample of 246 British railroad incidents using data from the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) Safety Management Information System (SMIS) and Incident Factor Classification System (IFCS). Trends in fatigue-related...
Pheasant, S. & Haslegrave, C. (2018), “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work”, (CRC Press)
Abstract: In the 20 years since the publication of the first edition of Bodyspace the knowledge base upon which ergonomics rests has increased significantly. The need for an authoritative, contemporary and, above all, usable reference is therefore…...
Reason, J. (2000), “Human error: models and management”, (British Medical Journal, 320, 768-770)
Abstract: The human error problem can be viewed in two ways: the person approach and the system approach. Each has its model of error causation and each model gives rise to quite different philosophies of error management. Understanding these...
Branford, K. et al. (2011), “Guidelines for AcciMap analysis”. In A. Hopkins (Ed.) Learning from High Reliability Organisations” (193–212)
Abstract: This chapter focuses on a systems-based technique for accident analysis, referred to as the AcciMap approach." The technique involves the construction ofa multilayered diagram in which the various causes of an accident are arranged according...
Altabbakh, H. et al. (2014), “STAMP – Holistic system safety approach or just another risk model?”, (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 32: 109–119)
Abstract: Risk management has a number of accident causation models that have been used for a number of years. Dr. Nancy Leveson (2002) has developed a new model of accidents using a systems approach. The new model is called Systems Theoretic Accident...
Accou, B. & Carpinelli, F. (2022), “Systematically investigating human and organisational factors in complex socio-technical systems by using the “SAfety FRactal ANalysis” method”, (Applied Ergonomics Volume 100)
Abstract: In order to manage the performance of socio-technical systems in a safe and sustainable way, the importance of looking at human and organisational factors (HOF) and their contribution to adverse events is widely recognised. In reality,...
Crescencio. A, et al. (2022), “Human error analysis at Valencia railway operation control. Training proposal aimed at reducing human error”
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present the human factors training methodology in Adif and its theoretical bases. This methodology represents a different way of understanding safety, more focused on what to do and what to know than how to do...
Hopkins, A. (2006), “Studying organisational cultures and their effects on safety”, (Safety Science 44: 875–889)
Abstract: How do organisational cultures influence safety? Answering this question requires a strategy for investigating organisational culture. By far the most widely used research strategy is the perception survey. An alternative is for researchers is...
Swuste, P. et al. (2020) “From Clapham junction to Macondo, deepwater horizon: Risk and safety management in high-tech-high-hazard sectors. A review of English and Dutch literature”, (Safety Science vol. 121, 249-282).
Abstract: Objective: What is the influence of general management trends and safety research on managing safety? Method: A literature study which is limited to original English and Dutch books, documents, and articles in relevant scientific journals, for...
Rolina, G. & Accou, B. (2019), “Towards the European Railway Safety Culture Model”, (WCRR 2019, Tokyo)
Abstract In 2017, the European Union Agency for Railways launched an ambitious programme to foster the development of a positive safety culture across European railways. The programme includes the design of methods and tools to evaluate the safety...
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